Advantages and Disadvantages of Wave Energy

Our world’s oceans cover approximately 70 percent of our planet, and its waves contain powerful energy! This energy has great potential to provide humanity with a renewable energy source that could help our transition to a sustainable energy future.

Wave power is a type of hydropower that converts the energy of ocean waves into electricity. This is done by capturing the motion of ocean waves using various technologies such as wave energy converters, floating devices, and bottom-mounted structures. These systems are designed to absorb the energy from the waves and convert it into mechanical energy, which can then be transformed into electricity.

Wave power offers several benefits as a source of renewable energy. It is a consistent and predictable source of energy, as ocean waves are generated by a combination of wind, sun, and moon, which are constant and dependable. Additionally, wave power does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants, making it a clean and sustainable source of energy.

However, there are also challenges associated with the development of wave power as a viable source of energy. One of the main challenges is the cost, as wave power technology is currently more expensive than other forms of renewable energy. Another challenge is the harsh marine environment, which can pose a significant challenge for the design, installation, and maintenance of wave power systems.

Despite these challenges, the future of wave power as a source of renewable energy is promising. Advances in technology and increased investment in research and development are expected to lead to cost reductions and improved efficiency in wave power systems. As a result, wave power is likely to play an increasing role in the global energy mix in the coming years.

How does wave energy work?

Wave energy works by harnessing the energy of ocean waves caused by wind and atmospheric pressure. This energy is captured by a variety of technologies. Some are listed below:

Wave energy converters (WECs): These are devices that are placed in the ocean and use the motion of the waves to generate electricity. WECs work by using the up-and-down motion of the waves to drive a piston or rotor, which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity.

Point absorbers: Point absorbers are floating devices that are moored to the sea floor and use the motion of the waves to generate electricity. Point absorbers work by allowing the up-and-down motion of the waves to compress and decompress hydraulic fluid that drives a hydraulic motor and generator to produce electricity.

Overtopping devices: Overtopping devices are placed on the shore and use the overtopping of waves to generate electricity. Overtopping devices work by allowing waves to flow into a reservoir, where the energy of the waves is used to drive a turbine and generate electricity.

While wave energy is still in its early stages of development, it is promising form of renewable energy due to its high energy density and low environmental impact.

Is wave and tidal energy the same?

No, tidal energy and wave energy are not the same. While both tidal energy and wave energy harness the energy of the ocean, they are distinct forms of energy that require different technologies and approaches for their capture and conversion into electricity.

Tidal energy harnesses the energy of the tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the ocean. This results in a rise and fall of sea levels, which creates a flow of water that can be used to generate electricity. The energy is harnessed with the application of tidal barrages, tidal turbines, and tidal lagoons.

Wave energy, as already mentioned, harnesses the energy of ocean waves caused by wind and atmospheric pressure.

Is wave energy renewable?

Yes, tidal energy is a form of renewable energy. The ocean waves are driven by the wind and the gravitational pull of the moon, which are natural and recurring processes.

Wave energy is also considered a clean energy source because it does not produce harmful pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions during the generation of electricity. Unlike fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide and other harmful pollutants into the atmosphere when burned, wave energy provides a clean, renewable alternative that can help reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources.

Wave energy is abundant and widely available along rugged coastlines. This makes it a promising source of clean energy for communities and countries that are looking to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to more sustainable energy sources.

What are the advantages of wave energy?

Wave energy has seen slower development and lower investment compared to other renewable energy technologies, but there are efforts underway to reduce costs and overcome technical challenges to increase the deployment of this interesting source of energy. After all, there are some undeniable advantages to harnessing the power of the waves. We have put them all together in the following paragraphs.

#1 Clean and green

Wave energy does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants like fossil fuels do, because it uses only the energy of ocean waves.

Wave power is considered to have a low environmental impact, as it does not require the use of land, which is becoming a valuable resource in many areas around the world, especially with climate change and increasing demand for food production due to growing population. Since wave energy devices can be deployed in offshore locations, it reduces the need for land-based energy generation and reduces the impact on sensitive ecosystems and habitats.

#2 No pollution or death

Unlike oil spills and pollution from fossil fuels like coal, there is virtually no pollution from the generation of electricity from waves.

#3 Renewable and reliable

Wave energy is generated by the movement of ocean waves, which are driven by the wind and the gravitational pull of the moon. This energy source is constantly replenished, making wave energy a renewable energy source.

Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and will eventually run out, wave energy is an unlimited and sustainable energy source.

The ocean has a constant and predictable pattern of waves, making wave energy a reliable source. This predictability allows for the efficient planning and management of wave energy systems, ensuring a consistent source of energy.

#4 Worldwide potential

With an estimated worldwide electricity-generating potential of 2 terawatts (TW) from waves, there are many opportunities to develop this technology into one of many resources for our renewable energy future.

Ocean waves are present along coastlines all over the world, and can be used to generate electricity in many regions. In particular, regions with strong, consistent wave patterns and high wave energy potential, such as the northern Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean of Europe, and the southern Indian Ocean, have the greatest potential for wave energy generation.

With continued technological advancements and increased investment, wave energy has the potential to become a major contributor to the world’s energy mix.

#5 Predictable energy source

The ocean waves are driven by wind and the gravitational pull of the moon, which follow regular patterns. These patterns can be modeled and forecasted with a high degree of accuracy, allowing for the prediction of wave energy availability.

The predictability of wave energy is considered to be higher than that of wind energy, but lower than that of solar energy.

Despite this, advances in forecasting and monitoring technology are constantly improving the accuracy of wave energy predictions. This, in turn, makes it easier for energy providers to integrate wave energy into their energy mix and plan for its use in a reliable and cost-effective manner.

#6 Efficient energy production

Waves have a high energy density, which means that they can generate a significant amount of electricity from a relatively small area. This makes them a cost-effective source of energy compared to other renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar power.

The energy density of waves along shorelines is approximately 30 to 40 kW/m of waves, and further out into the ocean, most waves can generate 100 kW/meter of electricity. Less than ½ mile² of ocean has the potential to generate more than 30 MW of power, which is enough energy to power 20,000 British homes.

#7 Low operation costs

Wave power has low operating costs once the initial investment in infrastructure and technology has been made. Unlike fossil fuels, which require an ongoing extraction, transport, and refinement of resources, wave energy is generated by the natural movements of ocean waves. Waves do not require ongoing inputs of energy or resources.

Wave energy converters are designed to operate in a harsh and remote offshore environment, reducing the need for regular maintenance and repair. This reflects in lower operating costs compared to other forms of renewable energy, such as wind or solar power.

The operating costs of wave power are low, but the initial investment is high. However, as technology improves and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of wave energy is expected to decrease, making it a more cost-competitive alternative to traditional energy sources.

#8 Minimum visual impact

Wave energy plants are designed with the goal of minimizing their visual impact, in order to preserve the beauty and natural character of coastal environments. The use of advanced technology and design, combined with environmental regulations, helps ensure that wave energy plants are compatible with the surrounding environment and do not detract from the local landscape.

Wave energy devices are installed to be mostly or entirely submerged beneath the water. The devices can be located far enough from shore to allow for minimal visual impact. And wave energy converters are designed with colors and shapes that blend in with the surrounding environment, making them less noticeable.

#9 Can be built offshore

While wave energy devices are built near shorelines, they can also be built offshore, which reduces shoreline conflicts of use for recreation and fishing.

#10 No fuel cost

Wave energy does not require any fuel. It is generated by the movement of ocean waves, which are driven by the wind and the gravitational pull of the moon. Unlike fossil fuels, which must be extracted, transported, and processed, wave energy is a fuel-free energy source that provides 100 percent clean energy to communities and countries.

This is one of the key advantages of wave energy over traditional energy sources, as it eliminates the need for the extraction and transportation of fuel, reducing the environmental impact and cost of energy production.

#11 Stable electricity prices

Since wave energy is a fuel-free energy source, it is not subject to the price volatility associated with fossil fuels. This can result in stable and predictable electricity prices, providing a cost-effective energy source for communities and countries.

#12 Size advantage

Wave energy devices can be tailored to meet the local electricity demand, and therefore can be manufactured at different sizes that are appropriate for each location. In contrast, fossil fuels generally require large facilities in order to produce electricity.

#13 Multiple uses and versatility

In addition to generating electricity, wave power has several other potential uses, including:

1. Desalination: Wave energy can be used to power desalination plants, which convert saltwater into freshwater. This is particularly important in regions with limited freshwater resources.
2. Pumping and irrigation: Wave energy can run pumps with water for irrigation and other agricultural purposes.
3. Maritime transport: Wave energy can power ships and other maritime vessels, reducing their dependence on fossil fuels and reducing their carbon footprint.
4. Industrial processes: Wave energy can also power industrial processes, such as the production of hydrogen, which is further used as a clean fuel.
5. Recreational and tourism: Wave energy can support recreational activities, such as powering water parks and beach facilities, and can also support the growth of the tourism industry.

These are just a few examples of the potential uses of wave energy beyond electricity generation. With continued innovation and research, it is likely that new will emerge in the near future.

#14 Job creation

The development and implementation of wave energy projects creates new jobs in the energy sector, particularly in the fields of engineering, construction, and maintenance.

The development of new technologies will require a significant investment in research, creating job openings in the fields of engineering, science, and technology.

The manufacture of wave energy converters and other components calls for skilled workers and technicians, creating jobs in the manufacturing sector. The operation and management of wave energy facilities requires a range of professionals, including managers, engineers, and technicians.

What are the disadvantages of wave energy?

Wave power has some disadvantages that need to be considered when evaluating its potential as a source of consistent energy that would supply enough power for our needs. Let’s have a look at them.

#1 Current high cost of initial investment

The development and implementation of wave power projects is expensive, particularly in the early stages of development. This can make it difficult for these projects to compete with more established energy sources, especially long-time used fossil fuels.

Because wave energy is still in the developmental stage, it is very costly to build wave devices. However, on the positive note, as the technology improves and the demand for renewable energy technologies increases, the costs of investment and construction of wave energy technology are expected to decrease.

#2 Technical difficulties

Harnessing the energy of the ocean can be technically challenging, and there are still many technical obstacles that need to be overcome in order to make wave energy more cost-effective and efficient.

First of all, the energy captured by the waves needs to be converted into electrical energy, which is challenging due to the fluctuations in wave intensity and direction. Secondly, integrating wave energy into the electrical grid is difficult, as the energy generated by wave devices is not constant and fluctuates significantly, especially when affected by the weather extremes, which could become more frequent with changing climate.

#3 Maintenance and weather effects

Equipment that is exposed to rugged oceanic conditions 24/7 gets damaged or corroded from salty seawater. Wave energy systems require regular upkeep in order to operate effectively, which can become quite expensive and time-consuming.

The intensity and height of waves are influenced by wind patterns that are often associated with weather systems such as storms and typhoons. When waves are too high, they can cause damage to the energy devices and reduce their efficiency.

Weather also changes the direction of waves. This affects the effectiveness of wave energy converters that are optimized for a specific wave direction. Weather patterns influence water level and these have direct impact on the performance of wave energy devices that are designed to operate within a specific water level range.

#4 Marine life impacts

While wave power has a low environmental impact compared to other energy sources, there is still a risk that it could have a negative impact on marine ecosystems, particularly if the equipment is not installed and maintained properly.

Marine life may be harmed, displaced, or their habitats negatively affected by the construction of wave energy devices.

#5 Geographical limitations

Wave energy is only available in specific areas of coastal regions and regions with strong waves. This makes them less accessible to people who live further inland.

The deployment of wave energy is limited not only by the availability of suitable waves, but also by water depth, coastal accessibility, environmental restrictions, and grid connectivity.

The availability and quality of waves varies greatly depending on location. Wave energy is most abundant in coastal areas with consistent and strong waves, such as those found in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. However, some locations may be too difficult to access to maintain the equipment, particularly areas with harsh weather conditions.

Additionally, environmental restrictions on the deployment of wave energy devices in certain areas, such as protected marine habitats or shipping lanes, can limit the possibilities of harnessing the wave power.

In remote locations, the availability of a nearby electrical grid could be a limiting factor.

#6 Intermittent energy source

Waves are not constant, which means that the energy they generate is not always available. This makes wave energy an intermittent energy source, which requires backup power to ensure a constant supply of electricity.

#7 Reduced sea usage

The physical presence of wave energy device “farms” could potentially reduce the size of shipping channels, as well as opportunities for recreation and fishing.

#8 Too few projects implemented

Thus far, only a few wave energy projects have been constructed globally. Further research and time is necessary to determine the lifespan of the equipment, the associated costs with running the devices, and the impacts of these machines on both human and marine life.

#9 Noise pollution

Constantly running wave energy devices can be much noisier than waves are naturally, and this could potentially be disruptive to both humans and sea life living near these devices.

#10 Slow technology improvements

Wave energy has been developing since the 1700s, and yet it is still a nascent technology that needs to be more attention. This form of energy is competing with other renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar power. More investment and development in recent years has gone to them due to their lower costs and more established technology options.

The cost of developing wave energy devices and deploying them in offshore locations is high. The cost has limited investment into new wave energy projects. There are several technical challenges associated with wave energy, including the need for reliable power conversion systems, the impact of weather conditions on the devices, and the need for regular maintenance.

The market for wave energy is relatively small, with a limited number of countries with suitable wave and investment resources. This has limited the growth of the wave energy industry in recent years.

#11 Difficult to transmit wave energy

It is currently very challenging to transport ocean wave-generated electricity long distances to where it will be consumed inland. Transmitting wave energy from the point of generation to the point of consumption presents these challenges:

1. Distance: Offshore wave energy devices are often located far from shore and require long-distance transmission lines to connect to the electrical grid
2. Power quality: The power generated by wave energy devices can be variable and fluctuate in intensity. This affects the quality of the electrical energy being transmitted.
3. Grid integration: Integrating wave energy into the electrical grid can be challenging, as the energy generated by wave devices is not constant and fluctuates significantly. The intermittent nature would impact the stability and reliability of the grid with the current type of infrastructure set up for fossil fuels.
4. Cost: The cost of transmitting wave energy can be high due to the need for long-distance transmission lines and the need for advanced power conversion and management technologies.

#12 Visual impacts

The visual impacts of wave energy devices varies depending on the location and design of the devices. Despite the efforts to minimize the visual impact, for residents living near ocean shorelines, some types of wave energy devices can be unsightly and interfere with ocean views.

Offshore wave energy devices can be visible from the shore and may impact the aesthetic appeal of the coastline. The reflection of light off wave energy devices may impact the visibility of the surrounding marine environment, particularly at night. Wave energy devices can also cast shadows on the water and alter the visibility of underwater habitats for wildlife.

What are the uses of wave energy?

Wave energy is used for several purposes:

Electricity generation: One of the most common uses of wave energy is to generate electricity. Wave energy devices convert the kinetic energy of ocean waves into electrical energy.

Desalination: Wave energy can be used to power desalination systems, which can provide clean drinking water in coastal communities.

Pumping and irrigation: Wave energy can be used to pump water for irrigation and other agricultural purposes, particularly in coastal areas.

Industrial sector: Wave energy can be used to power industrial processes, such as the extraction of minerals from seawater.

Transport: Wave energy can be used to power ships and boats, reducing the need for fossil fuels and reducing emissions in the maritime sector.

The potential uses of wave energy will likely continue to expand as the technology advances and becomes more cost-competitive with other sources.

Which countries use the wave energy the most?

Wave energy is still in the early stages of development, and there are currently only a few countries that have significant wave energy generation capacity.

Some of the countries that are leading the development of this technology are:

Scotland: Scotland has a strong wave energy industry and is home to some of the largest wave energy projects in the world. The country has been a leader in wave energy development, with the European Marine Energy Centre located there. In general, Scotland has a favorable policy environment for wave energy, with supportive government incentives and a strong focus on renewable energy development.

Portugal: Portugal has a well-established wave energy industry and has been a pioneer in the development of wave energy technology. The country has several commercial wave farms and research projects underway.

Ireland: Ireland has a strong wave energy industry and is home to several wave energy projects.

Spain: Spain has been actively exploring and deploying wave energy technologies. Several wave energy companies and research institutions are operating in the country, developing and testing wave energy converters. The Spanish government has also been supportive of wave energy development through financial incentives and subsidies.

These countries have favorable conditions for the development of wave energy, including strong policy support, suitable ocean conditions, and a commitment to renewable energy transition. The further application of wave energy in these countries is likely to continue in the coming years, as the technology advances and becomes more cost-competitive with other energy sources.

There are many other countries with great potential for the utilization of waves for energy production, however, they most often face the problem of insufficient capital to invest into the project development.

Conclusion

There is great potential for wave energy to become a major renewable energy source in the future. 

Wave energy could play a significant role in meeting future energy demands as the world moves towards a low-carbon economy. The consistent and predictable nature of ocean waves makes wave energy a reliable source of renewable energy that can complement other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power.

Wave energy devices can be deployed in a variety of configurations, ranging from individual devices to large arrays. The deployment of large scale operations can provide significant amounts of electrical energy and help to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.

However, future research and development is needed to improve the technology and durability of the equipment, as well as to identify, reduce, and potentially mitigate the negative impacts that this technology has upon marine life and the human use and recreational enjoyment of the sea.